Why do addr messages propagate for nodes who don't accept incoming connections? If you know you're outgoing-only, you should be able to indicate so in your version message, so that the peer doesn't share any information about your IP address to others.
They don't, what you're describing isn't how the Bitcoin protocol works at all.
Other peers don't share information about you, you broadcast it or you don't. If your node is not configured to accept incoming connections (e.g. listen=0), knows its not in sync with the network, or is unable to determine a plausible external IP it won't broadcast an addr message for itself.