Working now. yum has found bitcoin.x86_64 0:0.9.2.1-1.fc20 again, and the Qt wallet is working as it was. Thanks error!
The situation with using bitcoind/bitcoin-server as a service is still difficult with Qubes. I believe what's happening is mirroring what happens also with bitcoin-qt when it's configured to use /var/lib/bitcoin as the datadir, namely that the blocks download but aren't/cannot be written to disk (if I quit and restart bitcoin-qt when it's reportedly dl-ing the blockchain to /var/lib/bitcoin, the block count starts from 0). If I run systemctl start bitcoin, Armory detects that bitcoind is running, but it doesn't see any new blocks, so it appears that bitcoind is behaving the same way bitcoin-qt does, despite having permission to access /var/lib/bitcoin. I'm thinking that this is because Qubes has SELinux set disabled by default (yum install bitcoin-server yields a page of permissions warnings).
It'd be incredibly cool to get bitcoind/bitcoin-server working as a service on Qubes-OS, using Armory would appear much less cluttered. However, I've figured out how to establish a Bitcoin-Qt desktop item that runs in Node mode (-disablewallet argument), so it's not so bad this way. Does Qubes need it's own dedicated package to install and configure bitcoind? I'm thinking that's possibly the case.