I am well versed in computer security - and googling for the listed questions do not yield any quality leads. Perhaps my main question is this: Do you know if anybody has taken the time to compile a comprehensive wiki on the subject, and perhaps specifically, as it pertains to Bitcoin?
The closest I've been able to find is pages like
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Myths - and there are no real, hard numbers there. The words "Best practice" and Bitcoin do not seem to appear in close proximity, anywhere on the internet, and I see this as a barrier to Bitcoin's progress.
How do they say... "Common sense is not so common".
Your questions lead us to believe that you really don't understand Bitcoin or how secure open source projects are developed. The problem with answering your questions is that the scope is so broad because their are so many details and different layers of security specific to every facet that it would cover a very large wiki of information.
You can start here :
http://mhuan.name/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/05/ExJobb_Final_Report_Huan_Meng.pdfand than read more here :
http://sourceforge.net/p/bitcoin/mailman/bitcoin-development/Just keep in mind that Bitcoin having almost a 6 billion dollar market cap, which peaked at over 10 billion last year is incentive enough for black hats to test all security weaknesses of the Bitcoin infrastructure. Bitcoin is constantly being tested and attacked because of this.