Orphaned Blocks are the valid blocks which are not part of the main chain. They can occur when 2 miners produce blocks at the same time or they can be caused by the hackers attempting to reverse transactions.

If you find your transaction in an orphaned block, the best thing to do is wait for your crypto to be recovered. Your transaction will go back to the queue and will be included in the subsequent block.

I didn't mean that we need to trust an authorized person completely. If he has given an authority to verify the block, then he will be responsible for everything that happens to the blocks that is assigned to him.

Thanks for your thoughts on this. Don't you think the process of downloading every transaction and verifying them one by one is a tedious and long process. This requires a lot of time. Instead in sharding, the blockchain will divide into seperate shards. Nodes will have to validate the transactions that are assigned to that node only instead of whole ledger.

And for security risks, Ethereum has proposed a random sampling concept where authorized person will verify the block authentication. This can eliminate the trustlessness. What do you say?

I was reading an article and came across the word "Sharding". It is nothing but a form of database partitioning, also known as horizontal partitioning. The idea of sharding is to move from a linear execution model(like in Ethereum) and allow multiple, parallel transactions processing at the same time. This can improve the scalability issues and can increase the number of transactions per second(TPS).

Some blockchains already using sharding are Zilliqa, the first public blockchain to implement sharding. It was able to achieve 2,828 TPS in its testnet. The Ethereum foundation is also planning to introduce sharding as a part of Ethereum 2.0.

If the sharding can increase the speed of the transaction validations and therefore increases the speed of the entire network, then why all cryptocurrencies don't implement this on the blockchain to reduce the scalability issues?

Are there any drawbacks in Sharding? Are there any alternative solutions to sharding? Please share your thoughts on this.


Source: https://cointelegraph.com/explained/sharding-explained

I think of Canada is the best place as I have read that they accept tax payment in BTC. 

Sure, altcoins aren't surging in value that much like bitcoin is, but even their prices are increasing, at a rapid rate, may I include (though not all coins')
For example, Litecoin. With its halving approaching, it's natural that its price will increase.

This is not the only way. I started my crypto journey by reading about wallets. Let me share what I have read.

You can do in HD wallets as well. HD wallets are basically the the advanced version of deterministic wallet.

Deterministic wallets which are also called seeded wallets are wallets where private keys are derived from a common key. Also, one way hash function is used while deriving these private keys thus, the private key can never get back you seed. If you have backed up the seed you can easily recover your wallet. This is the biggest advantage of deterministic wallet over the non-deterministic wallet.

HD Wallets As I mentioned above HD are the advanced version of deterministic wallet. The HD wallets have tree structure that is a parent key can drive child keys and the child keys can generate grand children key and this keeps on creating in a tree fashion.

There are muliple uses of HD wallets:

• One is recovery like Deterministic wallet
• You can allocate the different branch of of sub-keys to different purpose
• Also, one can create public key with accessing to private key increasing the securite concerns (even I am exploring more about this feature so, unable explain in detail)

The hardware wallets like trezor and Ledger are HD wallets.

The lines I quoted are from Mastering Bitcoin. An I have heard that this book is like Bible for understanding Basis. It says that the private key will be compromised.

I read the below lines and a bit confused. Please help:


If transferring all funds every-time is required. Then, if I want to transfer X amount of funds to someone then I need to transfer the remaining funds to some other address. That means I am paying transaction fee twice.

If I forget to transfer the remaining funds to other address can it be easily hacked?
Won't there be a confusion as in which of my address is holding the account if, this process happens regularly?
How fixable is it to use paper wallet in this case? 

"Reduce in supply" by this I meant the number of coins that are getting mined will be reduced. Halving is the process of 1/2 the Coins that are mined right? Or you can say that it is reduction of reward by 50%. Which indirectly means the number coins Coinbase transaction reduces exactly by half. This is why I refereed supply reduces.

I did not get you. I did not understand how that does not effect. Demand and supply balance always affects the market right? Please explain. Now I am confused.

Logically, the price has to increase with the halving right?

Halving basically reduces the reward to the miners. If miners are rewarded less then there can be reduction of miners due to maintanince cost and other reasons which in-turn may increase the congestion.

Also, the price increases as the supply is less and demand is more. Halving by halving the supply reduces and demand increases thus, the price hash to increase.

This is as per my understanding. Please do explain if you have other side of looking into the halving.

I do not know much just in learning stage so, clearing my doubt. Blockchain.info was a non deterministic and I read that passphrase also introduce risk of loss when both of these disadvantage are there in Blockchian.info why were or are users using it. Does it have some positive side as well?

Sorry, if I have miss understood.

I agree this is one way of verifying and even the 3 point I felt very worth while as I could check before Signup or buying whether it is HD or not. @ETFbitcoin Thanks a lot.

Hi everyone,

Newbie here. Was reading about wallets. I am completely new. The friend who introduced me to crypto said need to know how and where to store funds is the first think I should know so started with wallets.

Coming to my query:
I read that there are two types of wallets First deterministic wallet and the other is non deterministic wallet. It was said that deterministic wallets are best. How would a user like me(newbie) know which is deterministic and which is not?

Also, read that Trezor and Ledger are hardware(offline wallets) which are deterministic as well. But, in the initial stage of investment I do not want to invest much on wallets.

There are many people here who know about crypto and blockchain since ages please advice. If there is something that I can read and understand please do share I am ready to read or put efforts to understand things.