ps, forgot to mention the paper's Abstract...

"Planet-scale applications are driving the exponential growth of the
cloud, and datacenter specialization is the key enabler of this trend,
providing order of magnitudes improvements in cost-effectiveness
and energy-efficiency. While exascale computing remains a goal
for supercomputing, specialized datacenters have emerged and
have demonstrated beyond-exascale performance and efficiency in
specific domains.
This paper generalizes the applications, design methodology, and
deployment challenges of the most extreme form of specialized dat-
acenter: ASIC Clouds. It analyzes two game-changing, real-world
ASIC CloudsBitcoin Cryptocurrency Clouds and Tensor Process-
ing Cloudsdiscuss their incentives, the empowering technologies
and how they benefit from the specialized ASICs. Their business
models, architectures and deployment methods are useful for en-
visioning future potential ASIC Clouds and forecasting how they
will transform computing, the economy and society."