OK, time to provide an update. Thanks to those who have provided thoughts and feedback. I've done a whole bunch of reading since I created this thread, and finally landed on a course of action, which I'll outline below
First, just to be upfront about my original post: when I loaded my old wallet.dat file, my Bitcoin Core client was showing an available balance of about 12 BTC
This is obviously a life-changing amount of money at this time. But rather than getting carried away with early celebrations, I've been extremely cautious throughout this process as that amount seems extremely high, considering how careful I was with buying/trading/handling BTC in the past. Hence my earlier question about whether that amount is a phantom vestige, or actually able to be used/traded/sold.
So to today: after lots of reading, I decided to use 'dumpwallet' command in Bitcoin Core console to dump all wallet keys, with the intention of sweeping into a new Electrum wallet.
Interestingly, the resulting text file shows ~130 lines for the period between 2012 and 2014, and then ~1000 lines for the period in the last couple of days when I've been poking around with the old wallet.dat file, trying to figure out what to do.
After a bit of massaging, I swept those ~130 lines into my new Electrum wallet, which yielded 0.46BTC. This is not quite the life-changing amount I had seen earlier in my Bitcoin Core available balance, but it's still, as they say, money for nothing in the scheme of things. Nice.
Of that 0.46BTC, I have sent a small text transaction to a local crypto exchange that I've successfully used previously, and if that test is received, hooray. Good to go with whatever I do next, whether cash out or HODL.
Of the ~1000 recent lines generated by 'dumpwallet', I did a test of the first 50 to see if anything could be swept from those wallet keys. No dice. Electrum returns a 'No inputs found' message.
Here's my next question: while sweeping coins from Core to Electrum, I've kept the Core client running, and the available balance of ~12 BTC has stayed the same. Even while my Electrum client is showing a confirmed balance of 0.46 BTC
What do you think is causing Bitcoin Core to show that available balance? Is it "confused" or caught up in a transaction history that... just doesn't exist?
If anyone has any theories on why Bitcoin Core would be showing that available balance of 12 BTC, I'd love to hear it. Genuinely puzzling. As though it's stuck on a different timeline to the one I'm in.
Thanks again for your help. Today is a good day.