Most of these effects go away once you adjust for years of experience and the job. The latter is far more important than the former.
I think this is exactly why women tend to make less then men in the workplace. It really has nothing to do with anything other then qualifications and experience. One way to explain the difference in experience is that women tend to take time off from work to raise a family and during this time off they are not gaining additional experience. Also when women do return to work they have a much higher rate of changing career paths, resetting the total amount of related experience in a particular field.