For example, Bitcoin addresses are not inherently linked with IP addresses (I think I dimly recall that was a little-used option at one time).
Bitcoin did allow sending coins to an IP address once. This has now been disabled because of the danger of man-in-the middle attacks with this type of transaction.
Bitcoin transactions carry no IP information, though I'm guessing the node that first broadcasts the transaction could be identified if the NSA controlled enough nodes.
If you don't want to transmit your transactions yourself, simply post your signed transaction in hexadecimal format here via tor, and they will broadcast it for you.
https://blockchain.info/pushtxbitcoin TX do carry IP information. The IP address of the node that first relayed the TX is reported and is available on blockchain.info (and other block explorers as well). If you are using QT to transmit a TX (or another full node wallet) then it would be fairly easy to associate your IP address with a specific transaction (assuming you did not use TOR or another VPN). If you use blockchain.info or a wallet that does not act as a full node then your IP will generally be safe.