What kind of people benefit and what kind of people lose on a bitcoin standard? How would it impact big companies, banks, and governments, and how would adoption speed affect all of that?
Benefitting off Bitcoin is more like knowing how it truly works and get to plug in through the connection from any angle possibly for you, there are many purposes of Bitcoin and her decentralisation in the area of cross border transactions, store of value, day to day trading, been your own bank and more. Those benefiting are those that can easily grab on these purposes the way they can while the losers are those not using Bitcoin at all.
If there is anyway banks should be impacted should be changing the technology behind banking operations to blockchain system where every transactions are transparent with trust from the customers, implementing features that correlate with privacy but can still be operating with Fiat currency.
Already companies are getting it cleared by purchasing bigger quantity consistently as a form of alternative investment, what's left for them is integrating payment gateway for customers to purchase products with Bitcoin in as much fees can be minimized properly.
The adoption speed then can increase but mind you, adopting Bitcoin is more riskier, should be stable coin to be adopted.