I used the debug window -> console to run the commands. The $key was fine and beginning with a 5 and the node was fully synced.
After a good nights sleep I opened my bitcoin-qt again and the display had changed.
Ok, originally I did the following:
Sent from my bitstamp account to bitcoin-qt:
0.29498000
received in bitcoin-qt:
0.29498000
where's the fee gone here? Why does this tx not show any fee?
Then sent to my paperwallet:
0.20000000
what cost me a fee of
0.00032399
this tx showing up in my bitcoin-qt as, well I don't remember exactly, I should have taken a screenshot
Anyway, there ended up on my paper wallet address
0.01967601
then I imported the private key as written in my OP and all that changed was the display of the paper wallet address as $label that I assigned when doing the import
Today, after ~12 hours I restarted the bitcoin-qt and now it shows the fee of the tx to the paper wallet as a payment to myself
-0.00032399
and the balance of my wallet is now
0.29465601
So everything adds up as it should. Why didn't the bitcoin-qt show that immediately after the rescan?
When I look at the tx of the "payment to myself" with "gettransaction" in the console, I see the fee, the amount on the paper wallet once as "spend" and once as "receive" and the address of the paper wallet.
So obviously everything is ok, I'm only confused, partially by my lack of understanding of bitcoin transactions, partially by the weird interface of bitcoin-qt.
Thanks for your help.
Edit:
Now I spent everything in my bitcoin-qt wallet to a new address making another payment to myself, just to be sure that bitcoin-qt really controls the paper wallet key, and the balance of the paper wallet is now zero on the blockchain explorer, and everything is moved to the new address (minus fee). So everything works as expected, except the bitcoin-qt UI, that's a bit weird.